Distribution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aerobic composting of swine manure with different antibiotics

Abstract Background Livestock manure is an important reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs). The bacterial community structure diversity are usually studied using high-throughput sequencing that cannot provide direct evidence for ARB changes. Thus, little known about the distribution ARB, especially in presence different antibiotics composting process. In this study, fate was investigated aerobic swine manure, chlortetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, lincomycin, ciprofloxacin as typical antibiotics. abundance species were analyzed systematically to evaluate their ecological risk at stages composting. Results absolute total decreased, while relative increased on day 2. lincomycin-resistant higher than other ARBs during whole four 9.42 × 10 6 –2.51 2 CFU/g (lincomycin- > chlortetracycline- sulfamethoxazole- ciprofloxacin- multiple bacteria), they not completely inactivated end Antibiotics led a partial proliferation including Corynebacterium , Sporosarcina Solibacillus Acinetobacter . Especially, pathogenic genus, observed chlortetracycline lincomycin treatments. Conclusion Among studied, showed highest risk, due it expanded range phyla level (Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria). principal co-ordinates analysis indicated primarily associated with rather antibiotic types. Possible potential hosts related decrease ARGs based network analysis. culturable Proteobacteria increase Firmicutes ( Bacillus ) partially explained high degradation rate various progress study. These results provided information control resistance